be held in Naples in March and April so-called "Farmer Markets , trade fairs, already very popular abroad, where it is can make the cost of agricultural products in Km 0 or from local farmers. Through the system of "km 0", on the price of fruit and vegetables does not affect the intermediate steps of transaction and transport costs , at the same time taking the opportunity to make a responsible spending, which benefit the farmers of the locality in which it resides, which, in turn, are available to describe the characteristics and origin of their goods, personally ensuring the quality. "
Calendar markets in March and April (from 9.30 to 13.30)
Administrative Centre:
Wednesday March 25, 2009 April 8, 2009 Wednesday
Wednesday, April 22, 2009 Wednesday April 29, 2009
Villa Comunale di Napoli:
Sunday, March 22, 2009 Sunday, 29 March 2009 Sunday, April 26, 2009
Borgo degli Orefici:
Saturday, March 21, 2009 Saturday, April 4, 2009 Saturday, April 18, 2009
green chemistry is very important to mitigate the environmental footprint of chemical processes on air, water and soil. Redesigning a chemical synthesis process can eliminate a large amount of waste products and pollution and reduce the amount of resources used in the process. examine the important concept of efficient atomic (EA). This concept was developed by Barry Trost of Stanford University and was awarded the Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award in 1998 (prize established by the U.S. EPA in 1996 to reward outstanding examples of green chemistry). This concept invokes the principle 2 of green chemistry, wondering how many of the atoms in the molecules of the reagents are incorporated into the desired end product and those who are lost. In fact, in the process of synthesis of a product, not all atoms in the molecules of the reactants in the end product desired. Many of these atoms may end up in unwanted molecules product (products) that are often considered as waste. These waste products can be toxic and cause considerable environmental damage if not disposed of properly (with additional energy costs). In the past, these waste products and other chemical processes have not been disposed of properly and they have produced environmental disasters. The following is an example of how to calculate the parameter EA, using the production of the desired compound, l '1- bromobutano , from 1-butanol:
CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH + Na + Br H 2 SO 4 = CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 Br + NaHSO 4 + H 2 O
If we look at this reaction, we see that with ' 1-bromobutano not only form the desired product but also unwanted by-products of hydrogen sodium and water. The reaction is colored red all the atoms of the reagents that are incorporated into the desired product, while the atoms that become part of the waste products are represented in black . Adding the atomic mass of all atoms in red left arrow reaction (reagents) we get: 4C + 9H 1BR + = 137 amu (the mass of the desired product). The sum of the atomic masses of all atoms of the reactant molecules (red and black) instead is: 4C + 12H + + 5O 1BR + 1NO + 1S = 275 uma. If we divide the mass of the atoms used to generate the desired product to that of all the atoms of the reactant molecules, we obtain the atomic efficiency parameter (multiplied by 100 to obtain the result expressed as a percentage) that, in this case is 50%.
EA% = 137: 275 x 100 = 50%
So, for this reaction, half the mass of all atoms in the reagents is lost and only half is actually incorporated into the desired product. This is a way to determine the efficiency of a reaction. With this information you can groped to explore other methods of synthesis of 1-bromobutano to ensure a higher percentage of atomic efficiency.
Now an exercise for you on the synthesis of ibuprofen, a drug that there is no doubt that you have used in some unpleasant moments of your life.
Ibuprofen is a common analgesic and anti-inflammatory found in commercial products by name Brufen, Algofen , Antalgil , Moment , etc..
The first commercial synthesis of ibuprofen (Figure 1) was carried out by the Boots Company PLC of Nottingham, UK. This synthesis, used since the 60s, is shown below. Regardless of the in-depth understanding of the chemistry of this synthesis, we can calculate its efficiency Atomic (EA) in order to get an idea of \u200b\u200bthe amount of waste products that accompany it (the atoms in gray are those who find themselves in the final product desired, ibuprofen, while those in black end up in waste products).
A new synthesis of ibuprofen (Figure 2) was developed by BHC Company (a joint venture between the Boots Company PLC and Hoechst Celanese Corporation). Note that the HF, the Raney nickel and Pd are used in catalytic amounts and therefore should not be included in the calculations of 'Atomic efficiency of the process of synthesis.
decision:
Using the parameters and decide which of the two syntheses is more beneficial for the environment (environmental performance above). The answer must be justified on the basis of the results of the calculation of the parameter EA.
Questions:
parameter in the calculation of EA, what is the number to the numerator ?
Each year, the United States alone, it produces about 16 million kg of ibuprofen. How kg of waste are produced with the two types of synthesis?
Rome. In book "Do not waste ' analyzed the common practice of the Italians to waste, despite the crisis. And now the Antonio Galdo nizia a new round of "At eight in the evening," the program aired from Monday to Friday at 20 on Radiodue, on this topic. For four weeks, until April 3 , during the program created, directed and curated by Zamparelli Angela Giancarlo Simoncelli, journalist and writer affonterà the problem of waste in all its forms. It starts from the food, given that the Italians on average throw into the trash can about 20 percent of spending bread, pasta and meat, and then goes to energy consumption. The waste is explained in transmission, submerging us, and garbage invades the city in 1995 weighed a bag of waste for every citizen, on average, 460 pounds a year, they arrived in 2008 to 530 pounds and in 2020 will exceed the 680 pounds. With other wastes, this time of public money, as in the case of Campania, where in the last fifteen years have been spent two billion euro for the waste emergency. Galdo are interwoven in the story of waste of tangible and intangible assets, and addresses the current economic crisis, and the opportunities it offers. Since the opportunity to review lifestyles, without sacrificing the power consumption, but just eliminating waste. In times of recession, do not waste becomes a sort of eleventh commandment.
